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As we’ve pointed out elsewhere, particularly in our duty to test cheat sheet, most states do not recognize any sort of separate negligence or strict liability claim for “duty to test” or “failure to test” separate and apart from the more usual sort of product liability claims involving the design and warnings of products.  So defendants looking to file motions to dismiss against testing-based counts of their opponents’ complaints could do worse than to check out our cheat sheet.

Manufacturers of FDA pre-market approved medical devices, however, have a second option.  They can also go after testing-based claims on preemption, because claims that manufacturers of such devices should have done more or different testing than the FDA considers necessary for approval are either “different from or in addition to” the FDA’s PMA criteria.  Indeed, the seminal express preemption case, Riegel v. Medtronic, Inc., 552 U.S. 312 (2008), recognized that express preemption under 21 U.S.C. §360k(a) extends to “tort law, applied by juries under a negligence or strict-liability standard,” such as state tort claims alleging “negligence in the design, testing, inspection, distribution, labeling, marketing, and sale of [a PMA device],” id. at 320, although the dismissed testing claims were not separately discussed by the Supreme Court in Riegel.

Continue Reading PMA Preemption of Negligent Testing Claims

Recently, when putting together our “Staple Suit Cropped” blogpost about Kane v. Covidien LP, 2025 U.S. Dist. Lexis 25718 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 12, 2025), we realized that, while we had a comprehensive 50-state survey on the questionable status of failure-to-report claims under state law, we did not have a similarly complete reference for preemption of the same reporting-based claims.

We’re rectifying that here.

Failure-to-report claims have been asserted against every product that has a preemption defense – branded drugs, generic drugs, and PMA medical devices.  Thus, there are different ways that failure-to-report claims end up preempted.

  • First, reporting-based claims against drugs or medical devices are impliedly preempted under Buckman Co. v. Plaintiffs Legal Committee, 531 U.S. 341 (2001), and 21 U.S.C. §337(a), because they would not exist without the FDA reporting obligations that they claim were violated.  Therefore, “the existence of these federal enactments is a critical element” of the cause of action, and implied preemption applies.  531 U.S. at 353.
  • Second, and relatedly, in the majority of states where no state-law claim exists for failure to make mandatory reports to a governmental agency (see the 50-state survey), Buckman further precludes such claims as purely private attempts to enforce the FDCA/FDA regulations concerning adverse event reporting.
  • Third, in cases involving pre-market approved medical devices, the same absence of any state-law reporting-based claims leads to express, as well as implied, preemption because there is no recognized “parallel” state-law theory of liability that could support a “parallel claim” exception to express preemption under 21 U.S.C. §360k(a).
  • Fourth, generic drugs enjoy their own implied preemption defenses under PLIVA, Inc. v. Mensing, 564 U.S. 604 (2011), and can take similar advantage of Buckman-based preemption precedent.

Obviously, there can be overlap between these three categories, and not all courts keep them separate.

Since the issue is preemption, a federal issue, our primary division of cases is by federal circuit rather than by state.  Of the circuits, the Second, Third, Sixth, Eighth, Tenth, and Eleventh all have precedential decisions holding failure-to-report claims preempted, although the Second has only dealt with express preemption.  The Second, Fifth and Ninth allow “parallel” failure to warn claims to escape preemption if state common law allows them, with the Second being stricter than the others.  The Seventh Circuit has been hostile generally to FDCA-based preemption, but hasn’t decided a reporting-based case.  The First, Fourth, and District of Columbia circuits have yet to decide the question.  We note that no precedential decision from any federal court of appeals has flatly denied preemption in a failure-to-report case since 2013, the 2013 decision was repudiated by the highest court of the state in question (see Ninth Circuit, below), and the United States Supreme Court abolished any “presumption against preemption” in express preemption cases in 2016.  See Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v. Franklin California Tax-free Trust, 579 U.S. 115, 125 (2016).  Thus, defendants have good grounds to seek reconsideration of what adverse appellate authority exists.

Finally, we don’t do the other side’s research for them, so be advised, that while we try to be comprehensive in collecting favorable cases, we aren’t including all adverse decisions. 

Continue Reading Preemption Round Up – Failure to Report

We recently discussed how “failure-to-recall” claims essentially don’t exist – outside of a couple of limited fact patterns that plaintiffs asserting such claims in litigation involving FDA-regulated products can almost never allege.  Today’s post adds the constitutional defense of preemption to good, old-fashioned state-law failure to state a claim.

Continue Reading Bartlett Pairs – “Failure To Recall” As a “Stop-Selling” Variant

In the coming weeks, there are sure to be many articles looking at what Judge Brown Jackson has written and what that might suggest about the future jurisprudence of the United States Supreme Court if she is confirmed.  We will not predict what will happen in confirmation.  We will, however, weigh in on what Judge…

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Bexis’ Book

FDA-regulated products now account for an estimated one-fifth of overall economic activity in the U.S. They have also been the focus of a litigation explosion. This timely guide covers all aspects of litigation involving drugs, medical devices, vaccines and other FDA-regulated prescription products.
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